一、流體介紹
I. fluid introduction
流體是與固體相對應的一種物體形態(tài)，是液體和氣體的總稱.由大量的、不斷地作熱運動而且無固定平衡位置的分子構成的，它的基本特征是沒有一定的形狀并且具有流動性。流體都有一定的可壓縮性，液體可壓縮性很小，而氣體的可壓縮性較大，在流體的形狀改變時，流體各層之間也存在一定的運動阻力（即粘滯性）
。當流體的粘滯性和可壓縮性很小時，可近似看作是理想流體，它是人們?yōu)檠芯苛黧w的運動和狀態(tài)而引入的一個理想模型。是液壓傳動和氣壓傳動的介質。
Fluid is a new form of the object corresponding to the solid, liquid and
gas. By a lot of, constantly thermal motion and molecular without fixed
equilibrium position, the shape of the basic feature of it is not
certain and liquid. Fluid has certain compressibility of fluid
compressibility is very small, and the compressibility of the gas is
larger, in the shape of the fluid changes, fluid between the layers also
exists certain motion resistance (viscosity). When fluid viscosity and
compressibility are very small, it can be regarded as ideal fluid, which
is an ideal model introduced by people to study the movement and state
of fluid. It is the medium of hydraulic transmission and pneumatic
transmission.
1、流體的基本概念：
1. Basic concepts of fluid:
（1）液體的密度：液體的密度隨壓力的變化較小，可以忽略其影響，所以常稱液體為不可壓縮的流體，但液體的密度隨溫度升高而下降。
(1) the density of the fluid: the density of the fluid along with the
change of pressure is small, can ignore its impact, so often called
liquid incompressible fluid, but the density of the fluid with
temperature rise and fall.
（2）氣體的密度：氣體的密度隨壓力和溫度的變化較大，是可壓縮性流體。當壓力不太高、溫度不太低時，氣體的密度可近似地按理想氣體處理。
(2) density of gas: the density of gas varies greatly with pressure and
temperature, and is compressible fluid. When the pressure is not too
high and the temperature is not too low, the density of the gas can be
approximated to the ideal gas.
2、流體的定義和分類
2. Definition and classification of fluids
（1）按狀態(tài)分為氣體、液體和超臨界流體超臨界流體：當流體所處的狀態(tài)在臨界點以上，稱為超臨界流體（SCF).
(1) the state is divided into the supercritical fluid of gas, liquid and
supercritical fluid: when the state of the fluid is above the critical
point, it is called supercritical fluid (SCF).
（2）按可壓縮性可分為不可壓縮流體和可壓縮流體
(2) the compressibility can be divided into incompressible and compressible fluids
（3）按流體的流變特性分為牛頓型和非牛頓型流體
(3) fluid rheological properties are divided into Newtonian and non-newtonian fluids
牛頓型流體：其流變特性滿足牛頓粘性定律。若滿足牛頓粘性定律的流體稱為牛頓型流體。
Newtonian fluid: its rheological properties meet Newton's law of
viscosity. The fluid that satisfies Newton's law of viscosity is called a
Newtonian fluid.
非牛頓型流體：其流變特性不滿足牛頓粘性定律。
Non-newtonian fluid: its rheological properties do not satisfy Newton's law of viscosity.
①賓漢型流體：泥漿、水煤漿、紙漿、牙膏、含懸浮顆粒的污水等。
The type of fluid: mud, coal slurry, pulp, toothpaste, suspended particles, etc.
②脹流型流體：濕的海沙漿、高濃度粉末懸浮液等。
Flow fluid: wet sea-sand slurry, high concentration powder suspension.
假塑型流體：潤滑脂、淀粉懸浮液等。
Plastic fluid: grease, starch suspension, etc.
3、流體特性
3. Fluid characteristics
（1）流動性—即抗剪、抗張的能力很小，易變形。
(1) fluidity -- that is, shear resistance and tensile resistance are small and easy to deform.
（2）無固定形狀，易變形
(2) no fixed shape, easy to deform
隨容器形狀，氣體能充滿整個密閉容器的空間。
With the shape of the container, the gas fills the space of the entire airtight container.
4、作用在流體上的力
4. The force acting on the fluid
外界作用于流體上的力有兩種：質量力和表面力
There are two kinds of forces acting on fluid: mass and surface force
①質量力：又稱體積力。質量力作用于流體的每個質點上，并與流體的質量成正比，對于均質流體也與流體的體積成正比。
Mass force: also called volume force. The mass force is applied to each
particle of the fluid and is proportional to the mass of the fluid,
which is also proportional to the volume of the fluid.
②表面力：又稱接觸力或機械力。表面力與流體的表面積成正比。作用于流體中任一微小表面上的力又可分為兩類，即垂直于表面的力和平行于表面的力。前者稱為壓力，后者稱為剪力。流體機械是以流體為工作介質來轉換能量的機械。通常包括水輪機、汽輪機、燃氣輪機、膨脹機、風力機、泵、通風機、壓縮機、液力耦合器、液力變矩器、風動工具、氣動馬達和液壓馬達等。主要體現在能源、機械、航空、航天和水利等領域的需求。
Surface force: contact force or mechanical force. The surface force is
proportional to the surface area of the fluid. The force acting on any
small surface in a fluid can be divided into two classes, namely, the
force that is perpendicular to the surface and the force on the surface.
The former is called pressure and the latter is called shear. Fluid
machinery is a machine that transforms energy into a working medium.
Usually include water turbine, steam turbine, gas turbine, expander,
wind turbine, pump, fan, compressor, hydraulic coupling, hydraulic
torque converter, pneumatic tools, pneumatic motor and hydraulic motor,
etc. It is mainly embodied in energy, machinery, aviation, aerospace and
water conservancy and other fields.
二、什么是流體機械
2. What is a fluid machine
流體機械針對的對象是機械設備，這種機械設備以流體（液體或氣體）為工作介質和能量的載體。應用最廣泛的流體機械一種是容積式流體機械，一種是葉片式流體機械。
The object of a fluid mechanism is mechanical equipment, which is a
carrier of fluid (liquid or gas) for work medium and energy. One of the
most widely used fluid machines is a volumetric fluid machine, and a
vane type fluid machine.
他們分類的區(qū)別源于流體與機械之間的作用方式。容積式流體機械的工作介質是處于工作腔中，相互作用力主要是靜壓力（比如往復泵）；葉片式流體機械能量轉換是在帶有葉片的轉子與介質之間進行，作用力是慣性力（比如風力機）。當然，還有一些其他的流體機械，比如射流泵、內燃泵等等，能量轉換的方式是比較多樣的。
The difference between them is due to the way fluid and machinery work.
The working medium of volumetric fluid machinery is in the working
chamber, and the interaction force is mainly static pressure (such as
reciprocating pump). The blade type fluid mechanical energy conversion
is carried out between the rotor and the medium with blades, and the
force is the inertial force (such as the wind turbine). Of course, there
are other fluid machines, such as jet pumps, internal combustion pumps,
and so on.
流體機械大的模塊主要分為兩類，一類是關于液體的，稱為水力機械，一類是關于氣體的，稱為熱力機械。對液體做功的輸送機械-泵，對氣體做功的輸送機械-風機，壓縮機，通風機等。由于不同的物料（腐蝕性-酸堿、粘度高-潤滑油）不同的輸送要求（高壓，大流量）等對輸送機械具有不同的性能要求，所以泵，風機，壓縮機的種類繁多。
The large module of fluid machinery is divided into two categories, one
is the liquid, it is called hydraulic machinery, the other is about the
gas, it is called the thermal machinery. The conveyance machinery -
pump, which is the work of the liquid, the conveying machinery - blower,
compressor, ventilator, etc. Due to the different materials (corrosive
acid and alkali, high viscosity lubricating oil) different delivery
requirements (such as high pressure, high flow rate) for conveying
machinery has different performance requirements, so the pump, fan,
there are many types of compressor.
三、液體機械——泵的發(fā)展史
Three, liquid machinery -- the development history of pump
泵是輸送液體或使液體增壓的機械。它將原動機的機械能或其他外部能量傳送給液體，使液體能量增加。泵主要用來輸送液體包括水、油、酸堿液、乳化液、懸乳液和液態(tài)金屬等，也可輸送液體、氣體混合物以及含懸浮固體物的液體。生活及工業(yè)生產中我們已經離不開泵。
A pump is a machine that transports liquid or supercharged a liquid. It
transfers the mechanical energy of the original motive or other external
energy to the liquid to increase the liquid energy. The pump is mainly
used to transport liquids including water, oil, acid lye, emulsion,
suspension emulsion and liquid metal, etc., can also transport liquid,
gas mixture and liquid containing suspended solids. We can't live
without pumps in our life and industrial production.
水的提升對于人類生活和生產都十分重要。古代就已有各種提水器具，例如埃及的鏈泵(公元前17世紀)，中國的桔槔(公元前17世紀)、轆轤(公元前11世紀)和水車(公元1世紀)。比較著名的還有公元前三世紀，阿基米德發(fā)明的螺旋桿，可以平穩(wěn)連續(xù)地將水提至幾米高處，其原理仍為現代螺桿泵所利用。
The elevation of water is very important to human life and production.
Ancient times has had a variety of water appliances, such as Egypt's
chain pump (17th century BC), China's shadoof (17th century BC), jigger
(11th century BC) and the water wheel (the 1st century AD). In the third
century b.c., Archimedes invented the spiral rod which can continuously
lift water up to a few meters, and its principle is still used by
modern screw pumps.
公元前200年左右，古希臘工匠克特西比烏斯發(fā)明的滅火泵是一種最原始的活塞泵，已具備典型活塞泵的主要元件，但活塞泵只是在出現了蒸汽機之后才得到迅速發(fā)展。
Around 200 BC, the ancient Greek craftsmen invented by Kurt west than uz
fire pump is one of the most primitive piston pump, has typical piston
pump's main components, but the piston pump only after the steam engine
got rapid development.
1840-1850年，美國沃辛頓發(fā)明泵缸和蒸汽缸對置的，蒸汽直接作用的活塞泵，標志著現代活塞泵的形成。19世紀是活塞泵發(fā)展的高潮時期，當時已用于水壓機等多種機械中。然而隨著需水量的劇增，從20世紀20年代起，低速的、流量受到很大限制的活塞泵逐漸被高速的離心泵和回轉泵所代替。但是在高壓小流量領域往復泵仍占有主要地位，尤其是隔膜泵、柱塞泵獨具優(yōu)點，應用日益增多。
In 1840-1850, worthington invented the piston pump, which is the direct
action of the pump cylinder and steam cylinder, which marked the
formation of the modern piston pump. The 19th century was the
culmination of the development of piston pumps, which were used in
various machines such as hydraulic presses. However, with the increase
in water demand, the piston pumps, which have been severely restricted
since the 1920s, are gradually replaced by high-speed centrifugal pumps
and rotary pumps. But in the high pressure small flow area reciprocating
pump still occupies the main position, especially the diaphragm pump,
plunger pump has the advantage, the application is more and more.
回轉泵的出現與工業(yè)上對液體輸送的要求日益多樣化有關。早在1588年就有了關于四葉片滑片泵的記載，以后陸續(xù)出現了其他各種回轉泵，但直到19世紀回轉泵仍存在泄漏大、磨損大和效率低等缺點。20世紀初，人們解決了轉子潤滑和密封等問題，并采用高速電動機驅動，適合較高壓力、中小流量和各種粘性液體的回轉泵才得到迅速發(fā)展?；剞D泵的類型和適宜輸送的液體種類之多為其他各類泵所不及。
The emergence of rotary pump is related to the increasing demand for
liquid transportation in industry. As early as in 1588 had about four
blade vane pump, later emerged in succession various rotary pump, but it
was not until the 19th century rotary pump there are still large
leakage, wear and low efficiency of disadvantage. At the beginning of
the 20th century, people can solve the problem of rotor lubrication and
sealing, and use high speed motor drive, suitable for high pressure,
small flow and all kinds of viscous liquid rotary pump got rapid
development. The type of rotary pump and the kind of liquid suitable for
conveying are not as good as other kinds of pumps.
利用離心力輸水的想法最早出現在列奧納多·達芬奇所作的草圖中。1689年，法國物理學家帕潘發(fā)明了四葉片葉輪的蝸殼離心泵。但更接近于現代離心泵的，則是1818年在美國出現的具有徑向直葉片、半開式雙吸葉輪和蝸殼的所謂馬薩諸塞泵。1851～1875年，帶有導葉的多級離心泵相繼被發(fā)明，使得發(fā)展高揚程離心泵成為可能。
The idea of using centrifugal force to transport water first appeared in
leonardo Da Vinci's sketches. In 1689, French physicist papan invented
the volute centrifugal pump of four-leaf impeller. But closer to the
modern centrifugal pump, the so-called Massachusetts pump, which
appeared in the United States in 1818, has a radial straight blade, a
semi-open double suction impeller and a volute. In 1851 ~ 1875, the
multi-stage centrifugal pump with the guide vane was invented
successively, making it possible to develop the high lift centrifugal
pump.
盡管早在1754年，瑞士數學家歐拉就提出了葉輪式水力機械的基本方程式，奠定了離心泵設計的理論基礎，但直到19世紀末，高速電動機的發(fā)明使離心泵獲得理想動力源之后，它的優(yōu)越性才得以充分發(fā)揮。在英國的雷諾和德國的普夫萊德雷爾等許多學者的理論研究和實踐的基礎上，離心泵的效率大大提高，它的性能范圍和使用領域也日益擴大，已成為現代應用最廣、產量最大的泵。
Although as early as in 1754, the Swiss mathematician euler proposed
basic equations for impeller type hydraulic machinery, laid the
theoretical basis of design of centrifugal pump, but it was not until
the end of the 19th century, the invention of the high-speed motor
centrifugal pump to obtain the ideal power source, to give full play to
its superiority. Renault in the UK and Germany's puff dreier and many
other scholars, on the basis of theory research and practice of
centrifugal pump efficiency is greatly increased, the scope of its
performance and use is also growing, has become a modern applied most
widely, the largest output pump.
四、泵的分類
Iv. Classification of pumps
泵通常按工作原理分容積式泵、動力式泵和其他類型泵，如射流泵、水錘泵、電磁泵、氣體升液泵。泵除按工作原理分類外，還可按其他方法分類和命名。例如，按驅動方法可分為電動泵和水輪泵等；按結構可分為單級泵和多級泵；按用途可分為鍋爐給水泵和計量泵等；按輸
送液體的性質可分為水泵、油泵和泥漿泵等。
Pumps are usually divided into volumetric pumps, power pumps and other
types of pumps, such as jet pumps, water hammer pumps, electromagnetic
pumps, and gas lift pumps. The pump shall be classified and named
according to other methods according to the principle of work. For
example, the driving method can be divided into electric pumps and water
wheel pumps. The structure can be divided into single-stage pumps and
multi-stage pumps; The utility can be divided into boiler feed pump and
metering pump, etc. The properties of liquid are divided into water
pumps, oil pumps and mud pumps.
1、泵的工作原理
1. How the pump works
容積式泵在一定轉速或往復次數下的流量是一定的，幾乎不隨壓力而改變；往復泵的流量和壓力有較大脈動，需要采取相應的消減脈動措施；回轉泵一般無脈動或只有小的脈動；具有自吸能力，泵啟動后即能抽除管路中的空氣吸入液體；啟動泵時必須將排出管路閥門完全打開；往復泵適用于高壓力和小流量；回轉泵適用于中小流量和較高壓力；往復泵適宜輸送清潔的液體或氣液混合物?？偟膩碚f，容積泵的效率高于動力式泵。動力式泵靠快速旋轉的葉輪對液體的作用力，將機械能傳遞給液體，使其動能和壓力能增加，然后再通過泵缸，將大部分動能轉換為壓力能而實現輸送。
The volume type pump is constant in a certain speed or reciprocating
frequency, and it is not changed with pressure. The flow and pressure of
reciprocating pump are pulsating, and corresponding pulsation measures
need to be taken. The rotary pump generally has no pulsation or small
pulsation; It has the ability of self-priming, which can suck the air
out of the pipe when it is started. When starting the pump, the
discharge line valve must be fully opened. Reciprocating pump is
suitable for high pressure and low flow. The rotary pump is suitable for
medium and small flow and high pressure. The reciprocating pump is
suitable for conveying clean liquid or gas-liquid mixture. In general,
the volume pump is more efficient than the power pump. Power pump by the
fast rotating impeller on the liquid force, pass mechanical energy to
the liquid, make its kinetic energy and pressure can increase, and then
through the pump cylinder, will be carrying can and do most of the
kinetic energy is converted to pressure.
動力式泵又稱葉輪式泵或葉片式泵。離心泵是最常見的動力式泵。動力式泵在一定轉速下產生的揚程有一限定值，揚程隨流量而改變；工作穩(wěn)定，輸送連續(xù)，流量和壓力無脈動；一般無自吸能力，需要將泵先灌滿液體或將管路抽成真空后才能開始工作
；適用性能范圍廣；適宜輸送粘度很小的清潔液體，特殊設計的泵可輸送泥漿、污水等或水輸固體物。動力式泵主要用于給水、排水、灌溉、流程液體輸送、電站蓄能、液壓傳動和船舶噴射推進等。
Dynamic pump is also called impeller type pump or vane type pump.
Centrifugal pump is the most common dynamic pump. The lift of the
dynamic pump at a certain speed has a finite value, which changes with
the flow. Stable work, continuous flow, no pulsation of flow and
pressure; Generally no self-absorption capacity, the pump needs to fill
the liquid first or the pipe can be pumped into a vacuum before starting
to work; The applicable performance scope is wide; Suitable for
transporting clean liquid with very small viscosity, specially designed
pumps can carry mud, sewage, etc., or water transport solids. Power pump
is mainly used for water supply, drainage, irrigation, process liquid
transportation, power station storage, hydraulic transmission and ship
jet propulsion.
其他類型的泵是指以另外的方式傳遞能量的一類泵。例如射流泵是依靠高速噴射出的工作流體
，將需要輸送的流體吸入泵內，并通過兩種流體混合進行動量交換來傳遞能量；水錘泵是利用流動中的水被突然制動時產生的能量，使其中的一部分水壓升到一定高度；電磁泵是使通電的液態(tài)金屬在電磁力作用下
，產生流動而實現輸送；氣體升液泵通過導管將壓縮空氣或其他壓縮氣體送至液體的最底層處，使之形成較液體輕的氣液混合流體，再借管外液體的壓力將混合流體壓升上來。
Other types of pumps are pumps that deliver energy in other ways. The
jet pump, for example, relies on a high-speed jet of working fluid,
which pumps fluid into the pump and delivers energy through a mixture of
two fluids. The water hammer pump is the energy produced by the sudden
braking when the water in the flow is braking, and the part of the water
pressure rises to a certain height. The electromagnetic pump is to make
the liquid metal of the electric current to be transported by the force
of electromagnetism. Air lift pump through the catheter to compressed
air or compressed gas to the liquid at the bottom of the other, to form a
liquid gas-liquid mixing of fluid, then borrow pipe outside the
pressure of the liquid will come up mixed fluid pressure.
2、泵在生產生活中的應用
2. Application of pump in production and life
不銹鋼沖壓離心泵在用水系統(tǒng)中的應用，液控閥門校驗泵站
，主要用于小流量、高揚程的用水系統(tǒng)，如飲用水供應系統(tǒng)、壓力鍋爐供水系統(tǒng)、高純度凈水系統(tǒng)以及醫(yī)藥、食品、精細化工、造紙等行業(yè)的沖洗、噴灑等工藝過程。國家經貿委節(jié)能信息傳播中心最近將不銹鋼沖壓離心泵列入“最佳節(jié)能實踐案例研究”，并對該設備的應用及效益進行了分析。
Stainless steel stamping centrifugal pump in the water system, the
application of hydraulic controlled check valve pump station, it is
mainly used for small flow, high lift water system, such as water supply
system, pressure boiler water supply system, high purity water
purification system and food, fine chemical, pharmaceutical, paper
making industries such as washing, spraying process, etc. The national
economic and trade commission energy information dissemination center
recently put the stainless steel stamping centrifugal pump into the
"best energy-saving practice case study", and analyzed the application
and benefit of the equipment.
據了解，傳統(tǒng)鑄造泵是通過制模、灌模、機械加工等復雜工藝制造，耗電、耗料、勞動強度大，嚴重污染環(huán)境，并且無法鑄造出口寬度窄的小流量的葉輪。不銹鋼沖壓離心泵是采用沖壓、焊接工藝制造，取代了傳統(tǒng)的鑄造工藝。泵體生產可節(jié)省材料70%以上，效率提高3%-5%，較易實現機械化與自動化批量生產，減少環(huán)境污染，減輕勞動強度。
It is understood that the traditional casting pump is through moulding,
mold manufacturing, processing machinery, such as the complex process,
power consumption, consumption of materials, labor intensity is big,
serious environmental pollution, and can't width narrow small flow
impeller casting exports. The stainless steel stamping centrifugal pump
is made by stamping and welding process, replacing the traditional
casting process. The production of pump body can save more than 70% of
the material, and the efficiency is increased by 3% to 5%, which is easy
to realize mechanization and automatic mass production, reduce
environmental pollution and reduce labor intensity.
對于沖壓離心泵生產廠家，生產2082臺不銹鋼沖壓離心泵，新工藝比傳統(tǒng)工藝節(jié)約不銹鋼材料3.47噸，降低鑄造電耗7634千瓦小時。對于洗瓶灌裝機的用戶，在滿足生產要求的情況下，水泵的實際運行功率也從原來的2.18千瓦下降到2.11千瓦，每臺節(jié)電3.2%。
For the stamping centrifugal pump manufacturer, the production of 2082
stainless steel stamping centrifugal pumps, the new process saves 3.47
tons of stainless steel material compared with the traditional process,
and reduces the casting power consumption by 7634 KWH. For the users of
the bottle filling machine, the actual running power of the water pump
decreased from 2.18 kilowatts to 2.11 kw after the production
requirement was met, and 3.2 percent of each power.
此外，由于該泵的重量輕、體積小、整體結構合理、維護方便，也減少了維護費用。根據國家統(tǒng)計局和中國機械工業(yè)聯合會的統(tǒng)計數據，全國鑄造泵類年需求量為457萬臺，合金鑄造小流量泵每年需求在38萬臺以上。不銹鋼沖壓離心泵因其外形輕巧美觀、效率高且價格比鑄造泵低，是進口泵的一半，具有顯著的經濟效益，應用范圍廣，市場前景廣闊。
In addition, because the weight of the pump is light, small volume, the
whole structure is reasonable, maintenance is convenient, also reduce
maintenance cost. According to the statistics of the national bureau of
statistics and the China machinery industry federation, the annual
demand for foundry pumps in China is 4.57 million, and the annual demand
of the alloy casting small flow pump is over 380,000. The stainless
steel stamping centrifugal pump is a half of the import pump because of
its light and beautiful appearance, high efficiency and low price of
casting pump. It has a remarkable economic benefit, wide application
range and broad market prospect.
泵的發(fā)展趨勢 泵的技術發(fā)展一如其他產業(yè)的發(fā)展一樣，是由市場需求的推動取得的。如今，歷史已進入到二十一世紀，人們在以環(huán)保、電子等領域高科技發(fā)展及世界可持續(xù)發(fā)展為主所產生的巨大需求的大背景下，對于包括泵行業(yè)在內的許多行業(yè)或領域都帶來了技術的飛速變革和發(fā)展。
The development of pump development is driven by market demand, as is
the development of other industries. Today, the history has entered into
the 21st century, people in areas such as environmental protection,
electronic high-tech development and sustainable development of the
world mainly produced under the background of the huge demand, for many
industries including pump industry or field brings the rapid changes of
technology and development.
五、流體機械的應用領域
5. Application of fluid machinery
現代流體機械的應用是很廣泛的，包括電力工業(yè)、水利工程、化學工業(yè)、石油工業(yè)等等，更多的它是作為一個能量傳導的作用，只是在水利工程里占主導作用，其他行業(yè)更多是輔助作用。
The application of modern fluid machinery is very extensive, including
the electric power industry, water conservancy, chemical industry,
petroleum industry, and so on, more it is for the transmission of an
energy function, is dominant role in water conservancy project, other
industry is more a supplementary role.
六、泵的技術發(fā)展趨勢
The development trend of pump technology
主要有以下幾個方向：
There are several main directions:
1、產品的多元化
1. Diversification of products
產品的生命力在于市場的需求。如今的市場需求正是要求有各自的特色特點，做到與眾不同；正是這一點，造就了泵產品的多元化趨勢。它的多元性主要體現在泵輸送介質的多樣性、產品結構的差異性和運行要求的不同性等幾個方面。
The vitality of the product lies in the demand of the market. Today's
market demand is a requirement to have distinctive characteristics, to
be different; It is this point that creates the diversification trend of
pump products. Its pluralism is mainly reflected in the diversity of
pump medium, the diversity of product structure and the inhomogeneity of
operation requirements.
從輸送介質的多樣性來看，最早泵的輸送對象為單一的水及其它可流動的液體、氣體或漿體到現在可輸送固液混合物、氣液混合物、固液氣混合物，直至輸送活的物體如土豆、魚等等。不同的輸送對象對于泵的內部結構要求均不同。
From the perspective of the diversity of the medium, the earliest pump
transportation and other objects into a single water flow of the liquid,
gas or paste to the present can transport the solid-liquid mixture, the
mixture of gas and liquid, solid and liquid gas mixture, until delivery
to live objects such as potatoes, fish, etc. The internal structure of
the pump is different for different delivery objects.
除了輸送對象對泵的結構有不同要求外，在泵的安裝形式、管道布置形式、維護維修等方面對泵的內在或外在的結構提出新要求。同時，各個生產廠商，在結構的設計上又加入了各自企業(yè)的理念，更加提高了泵結構的多元化程度。
In addition to the different requirements for the structure of the pump,
new requirements on the internal or external structure of the pump are
presented in terms of the installation of the pump, the arrangement of
the pipes and the maintenance of the pump. At the same time, the various
manufacturers have added the concept of their own enterprises to the
design of the structure, which has enhanced the diversification of the
pump structure.
基于可持續(xù)發(fā)展和環(huán)保的總體背景，泵的運行環(huán)境對泵的設計又提出了眾多的要求，如泄漏減少、噪聲振動降低、可靠性增加、壽命延長等等均對泵的設計提出了不同的側重點或幾個著重點并行均需考慮，也必然形成泵的多元化形式。
Based on the general background of the sustainable development and
environmental protection, the pump running environment for the design of
the pump and put forward many requirements, such as increased leakage
to reduce vibration and noise reduction, reliability, longevity and so
on are put forward for the design of the pump with different emphasis or
focus of several parallel all needs to consider, also must form the
diversified forms of pump.
2、泵設計水平提升與制造技術優(yōu)化的有機結合
2. The organic combination of pump design level improvement and manufacturing technology optimization
