一、全自動生化分析儀的定義：
I. definition of automatic biochemical analyzer:
所謂全自動生化分析儀，就是把分析過程中的取樣、加試劑、混勻、保溫反應(yīng)、檢測、結(jié)果計算和顯示以及清洗等步驟進行自動化操作的生化分析儀器。由于自動化程度高且具有定標(biāo)、自動校正功能，故主觀誤差和系統(tǒng)誤差都相對較小，使用便利。
The so-called automatic biochemical analyzer, is the analysis in the
process of sampling, heat preservation, reagents, and mixed reaction,
detection, the calculation and display and cleaning procedure for
automation of biochemical analysis instrument. Because of the high
degree of automation and calibration and automatic correction function,
the subjective and systematic errors are relatively small and
convenient.
二、全自動生化分析儀的工作原理：
Ii. The working principle of automatic biochemical analyzer:
分光光度法，其基本測量原理依據(jù)比爾定律。
The spectrophotometric method is based on bill's law.
三、全自動生化分析儀結(jié)構(gòu)及應(yīng)用：
Iii. Structure and application of automatic biochemical analyzer:
它包裹分光光度計的主要組成部分：光源、單色器（F色散裝置）比色池、檢測器等；另外，它還包裹生化分析所需的特有部分，如加樣系統(tǒng)、清洗系統(tǒng)、溫控系統(tǒng)、軟件系統(tǒng)等。其多用于常規(guī)生化、特殊蛋白和藥物監(jiān)測等檢測，程序選擇多樣化，采用微機控制?？勺杂删幊?、可進行統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理。有的分析儀采用化學(xué)惰性“液囊式技術(shù)（capsule
chemistry technogy）”,將分析標(biāo)本或試驗項目嚴(yán)格隔離，(加樣探針、試劑探針、比色杯保持清潔)防止交叉感染。
The main components of the spectrophotometer are: light source,
monochromator (F dispersion device), color pool, detector, etc. In
addition, it also packages the special parts needed for biochemical
analysis, such as the addition system, cleaning system, temperature
control system, software system, etc. It is used for detection of
routine biochemistry, special protein and drug monitoring. The program
chooses to be diversified and controlled by microcomputer. Free
programming and statistical processing. Some analyzer using chemical
inertness "sac type technology (capsule chemistry technogy)", will
analyze specimens or pilot projects strict isolation (add sample probe,
the reagent probe, colorimetric cup clean) to prevent cross infection.
（一）分類：
(I) classification:
按照反應(yīng)裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)，自動生化分析儀主要分為流動式(Flow system)、分立式(Discrete system)兩大類。
According to the structure of the reaction device, automatic biochemical
analyzer is mainly divided into two categories: Flow system and
Discrete system.
1．流動式指測定項目相同的各待測樣品與試劑混合后的化學(xué)反應(yīng)在同一管道流動的過程中完成。這是第一代自動生化分析儀。
1. The flow type refers to the process of the same process in which the
chemical reaction of the same test sample and the reagent is completed
during the same flow of the same pipe. This is the first generation of
automated biochemical analyzer.
2．分立式指各待測樣品與試劑混合后的化學(xué)反應(yīng)都是在各自的反應(yīng)杯中完成。其中有幾類分支。
2. The chemical reactions of each sample to be mixed with the reagent
are completed in the respective reaction cup. There are several
branches.
(1)典型分立式自動生化分析儀。此型儀器應(yīng)用最廣。
(1) typical vertical automatic biochemical analyzer. This type of instrument is widely used.
(2)離心式自動生化分析儀，每個待測樣品都是在離心力的作用下，在各自的反應(yīng)槽內(nèi)與試劑混合，完成化學(xué)反應(yīng)并測定。由于混合，反應(yīng)和檢測幾乎同時完成，它的分析效率較高。
(2) centrifugal automatic biochemical analyzer, each tested sample is in
the action of centrifugal force, mixed with reagent in each reaction
tank to complete chemical reaction and determine. Because of the mixing,
the reaction and the detection are almost finished at the same time,
its analysis efficiency is higher.
3．袋式自動生化分析儀是以試劑袋來代替反應(yīng)杯和比色杯，每個待測樣品在各自的試劑袋內(nèi)反應(yīng)并測定。
3. The bag automatic biochemical analyzer is used to replace the
reaction cup and the color cup with the reagent bag, each of which is
tested and measured in the reagent bag.
4．固相試劑自定生化分析儀(亦稱干化學(xué)式自動分析儀) 是將試劑固相于膠片或濾紙片等載體上，每個待測樣品滴加在相應(yīng)試紙條上進行反應(yīng)及測定。操作快捷、便于攜帶是它的優(yōu)點。
4. Solid phase reagent customised biochemical analyzer (also known as
dry chemical formula automatic analyzer) is a reagent solid phase on the
film or filter paper pieces and carrier, each sample under test and the
corresponding reaction and determined on the strip. Quick operation and
easy to carry are its advantages.
(二)典型分立式自動生化分析儀基本結(jié)構(gòu)
(2) typical vertical automatic biochemical analyzer basic structure
1、樣品包括校準(zhǔn)品、質(zhì)控品和病人樣品。系統(tǒng)一般由樣品裝載、輸送和分配等裝置組成。
1. Samples include calibration, quality control and patient samples. The
system is usually composed of sample loading, conveying and
distribution.
樣品裝載和輸送裝置常見的類型有：
The common types of sample loading and conveying devices are:
(1)樣品盤(Sample
disk)，即放置樣品的轉(zhuǎn)盤有單圈或內(nèi)外多圈，單獨安置或與試劑轉(zhuǎn)盤或反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)盤相套合，運行中與樣品分配臂配合轉(zhuǎn)動。有的采用更換式樣品盤，分工作和待命區(qū)，其中放置多個弧形樣品架(Sector)作轉(zhuǎn)載臺，儀器在測定中自動放置更換，均對樣品盤上放置的樣品杯或試管的高度、直徑和深度有一定要求，有的需專用樣品杯，有的可直接用采血試管。樣品盤的裝載數(shù)，以及校準(zhǔn)品、質(zhì)控品、常規(guī)樣品和急診樣品的裝載數(shù)，一般都是固定的。這些應(yīng)根據(jù)工作需要選擇。
(1) the Sample disk (Sample disk), i.e. the rotating disc placed on the
Sample has a single circle or inner and outer ring, which is arranged
separately or in combination with the reagent rotating disk or the
reaction turntable, and the operation is in conjunction with the Sample
distribution arm. Some use the type sample tray, divide work and waiting
area, including several arc rack (Sector) be reproduced, the instrument
automatically placed in the determination of replacement, the sample of
the cup is placed on all of the sample plate or tube height, diameter
and depth of requirements, some special sample cup, some can be directly
with blood in vitro. The loading number of the sample tray, as well as
the loading number of the calibration, quality control, regular sample
and emergency sample, is generally fixed. These should be chosen
according to work.
(2)傳動帶式或軌道式進樣 即試管架(Rack)不連續(xù)，常為10個一架，靠步進馬達驅(qū)動傳送帶，將試管架依次前移，再單架逐管橫移至固定位置，由樣品分配臂采樣。
(2) the belt type or rail type sample The test tube Rack (racks)
discontinuous, often for 10 a, stepper motor drive belt, will test tube
Rack in turn forward, single frame by pipe transverse to a fixed
position, by sampling sample distribution arm.
(3)鏈?zhǔn)竭M樣試管固定排列在循環(huán)的傳動鏈條上，水平移動到采樣位置，有的儀器隨后可清洗試管。
(3) the chain feeding tube is arranged in a circular chain, and the
horizontal position is moved to the sampling location. Some of the
instruments can then be cleaned in the test tube.
分配加樣裝置大都由注射器、步進馬達或傳動泵、加樣臂和樣品探針等組成，①注射器(syrine
unit)。根據(jù)注射器直徑和活塞移動距離的多少，定量吸取樣品或試劑。它的精度決定加樣的精度，一般可精確到1微升。注射器漏液時，首先考慮是否探針堵塞，其次是注射器活塞磨損等。有的加液系統(tǒng)采用容積型注射泵和數(shù)控脈沖步進馬達，提高精度。②樣品探引(Probe)與加樣臂相聯(lián)，直接吸取樣品。探針均設(shè)有液面感應(yīng)器，防止探針損傷和減少攜帶污染。有的設(shè)有阻塞檢測報警系統(tǒng)當(dāng)探針樣品中的血凝塊等物質(zhì)阻塞時．儀器會自動報警沖洗探針，并跳過當(dāng)前樣品，對下一樣品加樣。有的還有智能化防撞裝置遇到阻礙探針立即停止運動并報警。即使如此，它仍是非正規(guī)操作時的易損件。為了保護探針，除預(yù)先需要根據(jù)樣品容器的高低、最低液面高度等進行設(shè)置外、，樣品容器的規(guī)格、放置以及液面高度等設(shè)定條件不得隨意改變。在某些儀器上，采樣器和加液器組合在一起，加樣品和加試劑或稀釋液一個探針一次完成。③加樣臂。連接探引，在樣品杯(試劑瓶)和反應(yīng)杯之間運動，完成采樣和加樣(加試劑)。它的運動方式，與儀器工作效率及工作壽命有一定關(guān)系。④閥門用以決定液體流動方向。⑤稀釋系統(tǒng)。對樣品進行預(yù)稀釋、過后稀釋或加倍，對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)原液系列稀釋等。不同儀器的稀釋方式有所差異，要注意識別。試劑系統(tǒng)亦有稀釋功能：
The dispensing devices are mainly composed of syringe, stepper motor or
transmission pump, sample arm and sample probe, etc., syrine unit.
According to the diameter of the syringe and the distance of the piston,
the sample or reagent can be absorbed. Its precision determines the
precision of the sample, which can be accurate to 1 microliter. When
syringe leakage, first consider whether the probe is blocked, followed
by the piston wear of syringe. The hydraulic system adopts the
volumetric injection pump and the numerical control pulse step motor to
improve the precision. The sample Probe is connected with the sample
arm, and the sample is directly absorbed. The probe is equipped with a
liquid surface sensor to prevent the probe damage and reduce the
contamination. Some are equipped with blocking detection alarm system
when the blood clots in the probe sample are blocked. The instrument
automatically alarms the probe and skips the current sample to sample
the next sample. Some of them also have intelligent anti-collision
devices that block the probe and immediately stop the movement and call
the police. Even so, it is a vulnerable part of the informal operation.
In order to protect the probe, in addition to the need in advance
according to the discretion of the sample container, the lowest level
Settings, etc., the sample of the specifications of the container, place
and the liquid level height set conditions shall not be altered
arbitrarily. In some instruments, the sampler is combined with a
reagent, with a sample and a reagent or diluent probe to complete. Add
the arms. Connect the probe, move between the sample cup (reagent
bottle) and the reaction cup, and complete the sampling and sampling
(reagent). Its motion mode is related to the efficiency of the
instrument and the working life. The valve is used to determine the flow
direction of the liquid. The system of diluting. The sample is
pre-diluted, then diluted or doubled, and the standard original liquid
series is diluted. The dilution method of different instruments is
different, should pay attention to recognize. The reagent system also
has the dilution function:
2、一般由試劑儲放和分配加液裝置組成。
2. It is generally composed of reagent storage and dispensing device.
(1)試劑倉常與試劑轉(zhuǎn)盤結(jié)合在起。多數(shù)儀器將試劑倉設(shè)為冷藏室，以提高在線試劑的穩(wěn)定期。
(1) the reagent barn is often combined with the reagent rotary table.
Most of the instruments are set up as cold storage in order to improve
the stability of online reagents.
(2)分配加液裝置(Dispenseunit)。與樣品系統(tǒng)的類似。，試劑探針常?？梢詫υ噭╊A(yù)加溫，雙試劑系統(tǒng)的試劑2(R2)探針起始量宜較下，以便配合不同R1/R2比例的試劑。
(2) dispensing unit (Dispenseunit). Similar to the sample system. The
reagent probe can often be used to preheat the reagent, and the reagent 2
(R2) probe of the dual reagent system is suitable for the reagent of
different R1 / R2 ratio.
(3)試劑瓶(Bottle)。有不同的形狀及大小規(guī)格。如 COBAS
MIRAPLUS儀有4、10、15、35ml等規(guī)格，瓶底呈凹形，OLYMPUS
Au600儀有30和60ml兩種；日立7060儀有20、50、100ml三種等規(guī)格。應(yīng)根據(jù)工作量和試劑規(guī)格．考慮試劑瓶殘留死體積和更換頻率，合理選用。獨特設(shè)計的卡式試劑盒，體積小，防蒸發(fā)，方便儲存。
(3) reagent Bottle (Bottle). There are different shapes and sizes. For
example, the COBAS MIRAPLUS instrument has 4, 10, 15, 35ml and other
specifications. The bottom of the bottle is concave, and the OLYMPUS
Au600 instrument has 30 and 60 ml. Hitachi 7060 instrument has 20, 50,
100ml three kinds of specifications. According to the workload and
reagent specifications. Considering the dead volume and replacement
frequency of reagent bottle, choose reasonably. Unique design of the
cartridge kit, small volume, anti-evaporation, easy to store.
(4)配套試劑常有條形碼，儀器設(shè)有條形碼檢查系統(tǒng)，可對試劑的種類、批號、存量、有效期和校準(zhǔn)曲線等貨剌，進行核對校驗，如BeckmanCX7等。
(4) the matching reagent usually has a barcode, and the instrument has a
bar-code inspection system, which can check and verify the type, batch
number, stock, expiration date and calibration curve of the reagent,
such as BeckmanCX7, etc.
(5)試劑瓶蓋自動開關(guān)系統(tǒng)，更有利于試劑保存。有的儀器可在運行中添加，更換試劑，有的則須在暫停狀態(tài)進行。
(5) reagent bottle cap automatic switching system is more favorable for
reagent preservation. Some instruments may be added in operation,
replacement of reagents, or in suspension.
3、一般由掃描系統(tǒng)、信號整形和譯碼器三部分組成。
3. Generally consists of three parts: scanning system, signal shaping and decoder.
掃描系統(tǒng)以光源掃射黑條白空相間的條碼符號由于條和空對光的反射不同、不同寬窄的條符反射光持續(xù)時間不同，產(chǎn)生強度不同的反射光．再經(jīng)光電轉(zhuǎn)換元件接收并轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)強度的電信號，最后通過信號整形，由譯碼器解譯。系統(tǒng)自動識別樣品架及樣品編號識別試劑、校準(zhǔn)品及其批號、失效期，有的并可識別校驗校準(zhǔn)曲線等信息。
Light of scanning system with black and white empty of bar code because
of the article and empty light reflecting different, different width of
the reflected light duration is different, have different reflected
light intensity. The photoelectric conversion component is received and
replaced with the corresponding intensity of the electrical signal.
Finally, the decoder is interpreted by the signal shaping. The system
automatically identifies the sample rack and the sample number
identification reagent, calibration products and their batch number,
failure period, and can identify the calibration curve and other
information.
實驗室常用條形碼類型有CODE 39、CODE 128、2 of Standard、Interleaved2of 5等。要自編樣品條形碼需要條形碼輸入器，條形碼閱讀系統(tǒng)與條形碼要匹配。已有全自動試管分配暨條形碼粘貼準(zhǔn)備系統(tǒng)。
There are CODE 39, CODE 128, 2 of Standard, Interleaved2of 5, etc. To
create a sample barcode, you need a barcode input, a barcode reading
system to match the bar code. Fully automatic test tube distribution and
bar code paste preparation system.
4、反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)
4. Reaction system
(1)反應(yīng)盤裝載一系列反應(yīng)比色杯（Cuvettes）,多為轉(zhuǎn)盤形式。反應(yīng)測定過程中按固定程序，在加樣臂、加液臂、攪拌棒、光路和清洗裝置之間轉(zhuǎn)動。有的儀器在反應(yīng)杯中完成反應(yīng)后再吸入比色杯比色，現(xiàn)在更常見反應(yīng)和檢測同在比色杯中進行，效率更高，尤其適于連續(xù)監(jiān)測法。比色杯多采用硬質(zhì)石英玻璃、硬質(zhì)玻璃、無紫外光吸收的丙烯酸塑料等，使用壽命不一。Dimension系列的比色杯在機器內(nèi)自動制造，自動封口，免沖洗，無污染。流動池式主要在小型分析儀用。容積一般幾十微升，但抽液管道占用較多反應(yīng)液，多樣品連續(xù)使用，增加交叉污染機會。
(1) the reaction plate loads a series of reaction cups (Cuvettes),
mostly in the form of a turntable. During the process of the reaction,
the process is fixed by the process of rotation between the adding arm,
the adding arm, the mixing rod, the light path and the cleaning device.
Some instruments react in the reaction cup and then inhale the color of
the color cup. Now, more common reactions and tests are carried out in
the color cup, which is more efficient and is especially suitable for
continuous monitoring. The color cup USES hard quartz glass, hard glass,
acrylic plastic without uv absorption, etc., with different service
life. The color cup of the Dimension series is automatically
manufactured in the machine, automatic sealing, free flushing and
pollution-free. The flow pool type is mainly used in small analyzer. The
volume is generally a few tens of microliters, but the pumping pipe
takes up a lot of reaction fluid, and multiple samples are continuously
used to increase the chance of cross contamination.
蠕動泵(Pump)。半自動生化儀需要蠕動泵抽吸反應(yīng)液進人流動比色池作測定。要求定期對蠕動泵校準(zhǔn)，即通過吸人定量的水來檢驗泵的吸液量是否準(zhǔn)確。一般均設(shè)有泵校準(zhǔn)功能。
Peristaltic Pump (Pump). The semi-automatic biochemical analyzer
requires the squirming pump suction reaction fluid to enter the flow
ratio of the color pool. It is required to calibrate the peristaltic
pump on a regular basis, which is to check whether the suction volume of
the pump is accurate by absorbing quantitative water. Generally have
pump calibration function.
(2)混合裝置(Mixing unit) 如采用多頭回旋攪拌棒(二頭雙清洗式攪拌系統(tǒng))。攪拌棒常具特氟隆不粘涂層，避免液體粘附。
(2) the Mixing device (Mixing unit), such as adopting swirl of bull stir
bar (two double clean type Mixing system). The stir-stirring rod is
often a teflon non-stick coating to avoid liquid adhesion.
(3)溫控裝置生化分析儀通過恒溫控制裝置來保持孵育溫度的調(diào)控和恒定也是由計算機來控制的，理想的孵育溫度波動應(yīng)小于±01℃。保持恒溫的方式有三種。
(3) temperature control device biochemical analyzer through constant
temperature control device to keep the incubation temperature control
and constant are controlled by computer, the ideal incubation
temperature fluctuations should be less than + / - 01 ℃. There are three
ways to keep constant temperature.
①空氣浴恒溫：即在比色杯與加熱器之間隔有空氣?？諝庠『銣氐奶攸c是方便、速度快、不需要特殊材料，但穩(wěn)定性和均勻性較水浴稍差。羅氏(Roche)的cobas和0lympus Au2700系統(tǒng)采用的就是空氣浴恒溫模式。
Air temperature: there is air between the cup and the heater. Air bath
constant temperature is convenient, fast speed, not need special
materials, but stability and uniformity are slightly worse than water
bath. Roche's cobas and 0lympus Au2700 system use air - bath
thermostats.
②水浴循環(huán)式：即在比色杯周圍充盈有水，加熱器控制水的溫度。水浴恒熱的特點是溫度恒定，但需特殊的防腐劑以保證水質(zhì)的潔凈，且要定期更換循環(huán)水。日立系統(tǒng)生化分析儀采用的即是水浴循環(huán)恒溫裝置。
Water bath cycle: the temperature of the heater to control the water.
The constant heat of water bath is characterized by constant
temperature, but special preservatives are needed to ensure the
cleanliness of water quality and to replace circulating water regularly.
Hitachi system biochemical analyzer adopts the water bath circulating
thermostat.
③恒溫液循環(huán)間接加熱式：結(jié)構(gòu)原理是在比色杯周圍流動著一種特殊的恒溫液(具無味、無污染、惰性、不蒸發(fā)等特點)。比色杯和恒溫液之間有極小的空氣狹縫，恒溫液通過加熱狹縫的空氣達到恒溫，其溫度穩(wěn)定性優(yōu)于干式，和水浴式循環(huán)式相比不需要特殊保養(yǎng)。
The principle of structure is that there is a special kind of constant
temperature fluid around the color cup (which is tasteless,
pollution-free, inert and non-evaporative). Colorimetric cup and
constant temperature liquid between a tiny air slit, constant
temperature liquid by heating the air slit at constant temperature, the
temperature stability is better than that of dry, compared with
circulating water bath type does not require special maintenance.
5、探針和攪拌棒采用激流式等方式自動沖洗。
5. The probe and stirring rod are automatically washed by the shock type.
清洗裝置一般由吸液針、吐液針和擦拭刷組成。清洗工作流程為吸出反應(yīng)一吸于一注入純水一吸干一擦干。清洗液有堿性和酸眭兩種。一般說來，在吸出反應(yīng)液后，儀器先用堿性液沖洗，再用酸性液沖洗，最后用去離子水沖洗三遍。擦拭刷的功能是吸去杯壁上掛淋的水，刷體內(nèi)部有負吸裝置。使用進程中要注意擦拭刷是否磨損。
The cleaning device is usually composed of a suction needle, a liquid
injection needle and a wiping brush. The cleaning process is to suck out
the reaction and absorb the water and dry. The cleaning fluid has two
kinds of alkaline and acid. Generally speaking, after the reaction
liquid is sucked out, the instrument is washed with alkaline liquid,
then washed with acid solution, and then washed with the water of
deionized water three times. The function of wiping brush is to suck the
water on the wall of the cup, and there is a negative suction device
inside the brush. Use the process to see if the brush is worn or not.
值得注意的是，對于常規(guī)沖洗還不能清除交叉污染(carry—over)的實驗要特別處理，以減少交叉污染或攜帶污染。例如，膽固醇測定試劑中的膽酸鹽對血清總膽汁酸的測定有干擾，在消除交叉污染的程序中，可輸入程序，指令總膽汁酸不在測試膽固醇的比色杯中進行測定，如不能避開，儀器則對比色杯進行特別沖洗，防止發(fā)生交叉污染。
It is important to note that there is no need to remove
cross-contamination (carry - over) experiments in order to reduce
cross-contamination or pollution. Cholesterol determination of cholic
acid in reagent, for example, there is interference in the determination
of serum total bile acid salt, in eliminate cross contamination in the
program, can input program, instruction of total bile acid is not test
cholesterol than color glass are measured, such as can not avoid,
instrument contrast color cup for special wash, prevent cross
contamination.
沖洗水的水溫自動控制到與恒溫反應(yīng)槽溫度相近，保證反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的恒溫，并增加去污力。急診測定后采用針對性清洗，似乎比采用固定的全面清洗程序更有效率更經(jīng)濟。耗水量儀器間相差較大。
The water temperature of flushing water is automatically controlled to
the temperature of the thermostatic reaction tank, which ensures the
constant temperature of the reaction system and increases the
determability. The use of targeted cleaning after emergency measurement
seems to be more efficient and economical than a fixed, comprehensive
cleaning procedure. There is a big difference between the water
consumption instruments.
ABBOTT AEROSET 自動生化分析儀等系統(tǒng)具有自動清洗功能(smart
wash)和最佳標(biāo)本順序選擇功能(OSS)。即儀器根據(jù)試劑或樣品間交叉污染的項目組合，自動改變檢測順序，避免互有影響的分析項目；確實無法回避時，則采用選定的特殊清洗劑作自動清洗。
The automatic biochemical analyzer and other systems of ABBOTT AEROSET
have automatic cleaning function (smart wash) and the optimal selection
function (OSS). That is, the instrument can automatically change the
order of detection and avoid the mutual influence of the analysis
project based on the cross contamination of the reagent or sample. When
it is impossible to avoid, the selected special cleaning agent should be
used for automatic cleaning.
6、比色系統(tǒng)
6. Colorimetric system
(1)光源多數(shù)采有鹵素?zé)?，工作波長為325～800nm。鹵素?zé)舻氖褂脡勖^短，一般只有1 000～l 500小時。當(dāng)燈的發(fā)光強度不夠時，儀器會自動報警，應(yīng)及時更換，部分生化分析儀采用的是長壽命的氙燈，24小時待機可工作數(shù)年，工作波長285-750nm。
(1) most of the light sources are halogen lamps with a working
wavelength of 325 ~ 800nm. The service life of halogen lamp is short,
generally only 1, 000 ~ l 500 hours. When the light intensity of the
lamp is not enough, the apparatus will automatically call the alarm and
replace it in time. Some biochemical analyzer USES the long-life xenon
lamp, which can work for 24 hours and can work for several years. The
working wavelength is 285-750nm.
(2)比色杯 自動生化分析儀的比色杯也是反應(yīng)杯。比色杯的光徑0.5～0.7 cm不等，通常為石英或優(yōu)質(zhì)塑料。光徑小的省試劑，當(dāng)比色杯光徑小于1
cm時，部分儀器可自動校正為1cm。生化分析儀的比色杯自動沖洗裝置在儀器完成比色分析后做自動反復(fù)沖洗、吸干的動作，比色杯在自動檢查合格后繼續(xù)循環(huán)使用。要及時更換不合格的比色杯。如采用的是石英比色杯，比色杯要定期檢查清洗。
(2) the color cup of the automatic biochemical analyzer is also the
reaction cup. The light diameter of the color cup is 0.5-0.7 cm, usually
quartz or high quality plastic. When the light diameter is less than 1
cm, part of the instrument can be automatically corrected to 1cm. The
bichromatic cup automatic flushing device of biochemical analyzer does
automatic washing and drying after the completion of color analysis of
the instrument, and the color cup continues to circulate after the
automatic inspection. To replace the inferior color cup in time. If you
use quartz glass, you should check it regularly.
(3)單色器與檢測器各類自動生化分析儀應(yīng)用的是可見一紫外吸收光譜法，即監(jiān)測200-700nm光區(qū)某特定波長下發(fā)色基團吸光度的變化，輔以微機軟件系統(tǒng)的計算來完成測定?？梢娨蛔贤馕庾V定量的基礎(chǔ)是Lamber—Beer定律。
Monochromator and detector (3) the application of all kinds of automatic
biochemical analyzer is a visible ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy,
namely the monitoring area 200-700 nm light a particular wavelength
issued base group the change of absorbance, supplemented by the
calculation of computer software system to complete the measurement. It
is shown that the base of ultraviolet absorption spectrum is Lamber -
Beer law.
傳統(tǒng)的分光度測定普遍采用前分光，即在光源燈和樣品杯之間先要用濾光片、棱鏡或光柵分光，通過可調(diào)的狹縫，取得與樣品“互補”的單色光之后，照射到樣品杯，再用光電池或光電管作為檢測器，測定樣品對單色光的吸收量(吸光度)。
Traditional adopted widely before spectral photometry, namely between
the light source lamp and sample cup first with a filter, a prism or
grating spectrometer, through the adjustable slit, obtained with the
sample "complementary" monochromatic light, exposure to the sample cup,
with a photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell as detector,
determination of sample on the uptake of monochromatic light
(absorbance).
而現(xiàn)代大多生化分析儀采用后分光測量技術(shù)。后分光測定：將一束白光(混合光)先照到樣品杯，然后再用光柵分光，同時用一列發(fā)光二極管排在光柵后面作為檢測器。后分光的優(yōu)點是不需移動儀器比色系統(tǒng)中的任何部件，可同時選用雙波長或多波長進行測定，這樣可降低比色的噪聲，提高分析的精確度和減少故障率。
However, most modern biochemical analyzer USES post-spectral measurement
technology. Post-spectrometry: a beam of white light (mixed light) is
first taken to the sample cup, then the grating is separated, and a row
of light-emitting diodes is placed behind the grating as a detector. The
advantage of light is not required after any parts of mobile instrument
colorimetric system, can choose double wavelength or more wavelengths
are measured at the same time, it can reduce the noise of colorimetric,
enhance the accuracy of the analysis and reduce the failure rate.
生化儀的單色器即分光裝置，有干涉濾光片和光柵分光兩類。干涉濾光片有插入式和可旋轉(zhuǎn)的圓盤式兩種。插入式就是將需用的濾光片插入濾片槽中，圓盤式是將儀器配備的濾光片都安裝在圓盤中，使用時旋轉(zhuǎn)至所需濾光片處即可。干涉濾光片價格便宜，但易變潮霉變，從而影響檢測結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性，半自動生化分析儀多采用此種濾光片。
The monochromator of the biochemical apparatus is the splitter device,
and there are two kinds of interference filter and grating. Interference
filters have two types: insert and rotatable disk. The insertion type
is to insert the filter into the filter slot, the disc type is installed
in the disc with the filter of the instrument, and it will be rotated
to the desired filter when used. Interference filters are cheap, but
they are susceptible to moisture and mould, which can affect the
accuracy of the test results. Semi-automatic biochemical analyzer is
used for this filter.
光柵分光可分為全息反射式光柵和蝕刻式凹面光柵兩種。前者是在玻璃上覆蓋一層金屬膜后制成，有一定程度的相差易被腐蝕；后者是將所選波長固定地刻制在凹面玻璃上，耐磨損、抗腐蝕、無相差。全自動生化分析儀多采用光柵分光。
Grating spectra can be divided into holographic reflector grating and
etched concave grating. The former is made from a layer of metal
covering the glass, and some degree of difference is easily corroded;
The latter is fixed to the selected wavelength on the concave glass,
wear resistant, anti-corrosion, no difference. Fully automatic
biochemical analyzer USES grating spectroscopic.
